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Rudolph William Louis Giuliani III (born May 28, 1944) is a former prosecutor, businessman, and Republican politician from the state of New York. In the 1970s and 1980s, Giuliani was a United States Attorney who prosecuted medium/high-profile cases, including cases against organized crime and the tax evader Marc Rich. He served two terms as Mayor of New York City (1994–2001). He was credited by some with initiating improvements in the city's quality of life and with a reduction in crime.[1] Others, however, criticized him as divisive and authoritarian[2] and disputed his role in reducing crime.[3] Giuliani gained national attention for his appearances in the media during and after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center[4] that led him to be named ''Time'''s 2001 Person of the Year[5] and be knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.[6] His high media profile in the days following the attacks earned him the nickname "America's Mayor."[7][8]